Symphony no. 4 in C minor, op. 43

The Symphony No. 4 in C minor, Op. 43, was composed by Dmitri Shostakovich between September 1935 and May 1936. He had made an earlier, unrelated draft in 1934, but eventually abandoned it. In January 1936, halfway through this period, Pravda—under direct orders from Joseph Stalin—published an editorial "Muddle Instead of Music" that denounced the composer and targeted his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk.